biocmask Usage Guide

Justin Landis

Michael Love

09/24/2024

Quick start

biocmask provides efficient abstractions to the SummarizedExperiment such that using common dplyr functions feels as natural to operating on a data.frame or tibble. biocmask uses data-masking from the rlang package in order to connect dplyr functions to SummarizedExperiment slots in a manner that aims to be intuitive and avoiding ambiguity in outcomes.

Supported data types and operations

biocmask works on SummarizedExperiment objects, as well as most classes derived from this, including DESeqDataSet, SingleCellExperiment, etc.

It supports the following operations:

• mutate
• select
• summarize
• pull
• filter
• arrange

Typical use case

library(airway)
data(airway)
library(dplyr)

library(biocmask)
# add data (mutate) to any of the three tables,
# assay, colData, rowData,
# ...using contextual helpers cols() and rows()
airway |>
  mutate(log_counts = log1p(counts),
         cols(treated = dex == "trt"),
         rows(new_id = paste0("gene-", gene_name)))

## # A RangedSummarizedExperiment-tibble Abstraction: 63,677 × 8
##     .features      .samples | counts log_counts | gene_id gene_name gene_biotype
##     <chr>          <chr>    |  <int>      <dbl> | <chr>   <chr>     <chr>       
##   1 ENSG000000000… SRR1039… |    679       6.52 | ENSG00… TSPAN6    protein_cod…
##   2 ENSG000000000… SRR1039… |      0       0    | ENSG00… TNMD      protein_cod…
##   3 ENSG000000004… SRR1039… |    467       6.15 | ENSG00… DPM1      protein_cod…
##   4 ENSG000000004… SRR1039… |    260       5.56 | ENSG00… SCYL3     protein_cod…
##   5 ENSG000000004… SRR1039… |     60       4.11 | ENSG00… C1orf112  protein_cod…
##   …        …           …           …         …       …        …           …     
## n-4 ENSG000002734… SRR1039… |      0       0    | ENSG00… RP11-180… antisense   
## n-3 ENSG000002734… SRR1039… |      0       0    | ENSG00… TSEN34    protein_cod…
## n-2 ENSG000002734… SRR1039… |      0       0    | ENSG00… RP11-138… lincRNA     
## n-1 ENSG000002734… SRR1039… |      0       0    | ENSG00… AP000230… lincRNA     
## n   ENSG000002734… SRR1039… |      0       0    | ENSG00… RP11-80H… lincRNA     
## # ℹ n = 509,416
## # ℹ 7 more variables: new_id <chr>, `` <>, SampleName <fct>, cell <fct>,
## #   dex <fct>, albut <fct>, treated <lgl>

The operations can span contexts, and only the necessary data will be extracted from each context for computation:

airway$sizeFactor <- runif(8, .9, 1.1)

# making scaled counts, then computing row means:
airway |>
  mutate(scaled_counts = counts / .cols$sizeFactor, #
         rows(ave_scl_cts = rowMeans(.assays_asis$scaled_counts)))

## # A RangedSummarizedExperiment-tibble Abstraction: 63,677 × 8
##     .features   .samples | counts scaled_counts | gene_id gene_name gene_biotype
##     <chr>       <chr>    |  <int>         <dbl> | <chr>   <chr>     <chr>       
##   1 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |    679         741.  | ENSG00… TSPAN6    protein_cod…
##   2 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TNMD      protein_cod…
##   3 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |    467         510.  | ENSG00… DPM1      protein_cod…
##   4 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |    260         284.  | ENSG00… SCYL3     protein_cod…
##   5 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |     60          65.5 | ENSG00… C1orf112  protein_cod…
##   …      …          …           …            …       …        …           …     
## n-4 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-180… antisense   
## n-3 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TSEN34    protein_cod…
## n-2 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-138… lincRNA     
## n-1 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… AP000230… lincRNA     
## n   ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-80H… lincRNA     
## # ℹ n = 509,416
## # ℹ 7 more variables: ave_scl_cts <dbl>, `` <>, SampleName <fct>, cell <fct>,
## #   dex <fct>, albut <fct>, sizeFactor <dbl>

Calling .cols in the assay context produces an object of the matching size and orientation to the other assay data.

Alternatively we could have used purrr to compute row means:

airway |>
  mutate(scaled_counts = counts / .cols$sizeFactor,
         # You may expect a list when accessing other contexts
         # from either the rows() or cols() contexts.
         rows(ave_scl_cts = purrr::map_dbl(.assays$scaled_counts, mean)))

## # A RangedSummarizedExperiment-tibble Abstraction: 63,677 × 8
##     .features   .samples | counts scaled_counts | gene_id gene_name gene_biotype
##     <chr>       <chr>    |  <int>         <dbl> | <chr>   <chr>     <chr>       
##   1 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |    679         741.  | ENSG00… TSPAN6    protein_cod…
##   2 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TNMD      protein_cod…
##   3 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |    467         510.  | ENSG00… DPM1      protein_cod…
##   4 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |    260         284.  | ENSG00… SCYL3     protein_cod…
##   5 ENSG000000… SRR1039… |     60          65.5 | ENSG00… C1orf112  protein_cod…
##   …      …          …           …            …       …        …           …     
## n-4 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-180… antisense   
## n-3 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TSEN34    protein_cod…
## n-2 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-138… lincRNA     
## n-1 ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… AP000230… lincRNA     
## n   ENSG000002… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-80H… lincRNA     
## # ℹ n = 509,416
## # ℹ 7 more variables: ave_scl_cts <dbl>, `` <>, SampleName <fct>, cell <fct>,
## #   dex <fct>, albut <fct>, sizeFactor <dbl>

See below for details on how objects are made available across contexts.

biocmask also enables common grouping and summarization routines:

summary <- airway |>
  group_by(rows(gene_biotype)) |>
  summarize(col_sums = colSums(counts),
            # may rename rows with .features
            rows(.features = unique(gene_biotype)))
# summarize returns a SummarizedExperiment here,
# retaining rowData and colData

summary |> rowData()

## DataFrame with 30 rows and 1 column
##                                    gene_biotype
##                                     <character>
## protein_coding                   protein_coding
## pseudogene                           pseudogene
## processed_transcript       processed_transcript
## antisense                             antisense
## lincRNA                                 lincRNA
## ...                                         ...
## IG_C_pseudogene                 IG_C_pseudogene
## TR_D_gene                             TR_D_gene
## IG_J_pseudogene                 IG_J_pseudogene
## 3prime_overlapping_ncrna 3prime_overlapping_n..
## processed_pseudogene       processed_pseudogene

# visualizing the output as a tibble:
library(tibble)
summary |>
  pull(col_sums) |>
  as_tibble(rownames = "type")

## # A tibble: 30 × 9
##    type        SRR1039508 SRR1039509 SRR1039512 SRR1039513 SRR1039516 SRR1039517
##    <chr>            <dbl>      <dbl>      <dbl>      <dbl>      <dbl>      <dbl>
##  1 protein_co…   19413626      45654          4       1188      96378          0
##  2 pseudogene    17741060      45864          4        462      38656          0
##  3 processed_…   23926011     133335          0       1049      64884          0
##  4 antisense     14360299     120060          4       1113      36267          0
##  5 lincRNA       23003444     206075       6038        626      81606          0
##  6 polymorphi…   29233398     125015       5618        803      88868          0
##  7 IG_V_pseud…   18114369     145078       7662        316      44385          0
##  8 IG_V_gene     20103401     170641       5579        256      92499          0
##  9 sense_over…     807285     147563       7869        339        491          0
## 10 sense_intr…     733916     149486       9443        202        502          0
## # ℹ 20 more rows
## # ℹ 2 more variables: SRR1039520 <dbl>, SRR1039521 <dbl>

Related work

We note that biocmask is highly related to other tidyomics projects including:

• tidySummarizedExperiment
• plyranges
• DFplyr
• and more.

Here we have focused on the design principles of function endomorphism (returning the same object that was input), avoiding ambiguity through strictly defined behavior (potentially at the expense of longer code), and allowing the user the convenience of multiple expressions for the same result, some of which may have improved computational performance.

Manipulating SummarizedExperiment with biocmask

The SummarizedExperiment object contains three main components/“contexts” that we mask, the assays(), rowData()¹ and colData().

Simplified view of data masking structure. Figure made with Biorender

biocmask provides variables as-is to data within their current contexts enabling you to call S4 methods on S4 objects with dplyr verbs. If you require access to variables outside the context, you may use pronouns made available through biocmask to specify where to find those variables.

Simplified view of reshaping pronouns. Arrows indicates to where the pronoun provides access. For each pronoun listed, there is an _asis variant that returns underlying data without reshaping it to fit the context. Figure made with Biorender

The .assays, .rows and .cols pronouns outputs depends on the evaluating context. Users should expect that the underlying data returned from .rows or .cols pronouns in the assays context is a vector, replicated to match size of the assay context.

Alternatively, using a pronoun in either the rows() or cols() contexts will return a list equal in length to either nrows(rowData()) or nrows(colData()) respectively.

assay context

• Default evaluation context
• .assays $\to$ contextual pronoun, returns list of the matrix, sliced by the dimension it was referenced from.
  • within the rowData context: .assays$foo is an alias for lapply(seq_len(nrow()), \(i, x) x[i,,drop=FALSE], x = foo)
  • within the colData context: .assays$foo is an alias for lapply(seq_len(ncol()), \(i, x) x[,i,drop=FALSE], x = foo)
• .assays_asis $\to$ pronoun to direct bindings in assays()
• assay_ctx(expr, asis = FALSE) $\to$ short hand to bind the assay context in front of the current context.

rows context

• rows(...) $\to$ sentinel function call to indicate evaluation context.
• .rows $\to$ contextual pronoun
  • within assay context: .rows$foo is an alias for vctrs::vec_rep(foo, times = ncol())
  • within colData context: .rows$foo is an alias for vctrs::vec_rep(list(foo), times = n())
• .rows_asis $\to$ pronoun to direct bindings in rowData()
• row_ctx(expr, asis = FALSE) $\to$ shorthand to bind the rowData context in front of the current context

cols context

• cols(...) $\to$ sentinel function call to indicate evaluation context.
• .cols $\to$ contextual pronoun
  • within assay context: .cols$foo is an alias for vctrs::vec_rep_each(foo, times = nrow())
  • within rowData context: .rows$foo is an alias for vctrs::vec_rep(list(foo), times = n())
• .cols_asis $\to$ pronoun to direct bindings in colData()
• col_ctx(expr, asis = FALSE) $\to$ shorthand to bind the colData context in front of the current context

Multiple expressions enabled via biocmask

We can compare two ways of dividing out a vector from colData along the columns of assay data:

# here the `.cols$` pronoun reshapes the data to fit the `assays` context
airway |>
  mutate(scaled_counts = counts / .cols$sizeFactor)

## # A RangedSummarizedExperiment-tibble Abstraction: 63,677 × 8
##     .features .samples | counts scaled_counts | gene_id gene_name gene_biotype |
##     <chr>     <chr>    |  <int>         <dbl> | <chr>   <chr>     <chr>        |
##   1 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |    679         741.  | ENSG00… TSPAN6    protein_cod… |
##   2 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TNMD      protein_cod… |
##   3 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |    467         510.  | ENSG00… DPM1      protein_cod… |
##   4 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |    260         284.  | ENSG00… SCYL3     protein_cod… |
##   5 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |     60          65.5 | ENSG00… C1orf112  protein_cod… |
##   …     …         …           …            …       …        …           …       
## n-4 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-180… antisense    |
## n-3 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TSEN34    protein_cod… |
## n-2 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-138… lincRNA      |
## n-1 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… AP000230… lincRNA      |
## n   ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-80H… lincRNA      |
## # ℹ n = 509,416
## # ℹ 5 more variables: SampleName <fct>, cell <fct>, dex <fct>, albut <fct>,
## #   sizeFactor <dbl>

# this is equivalent to the following, where we have to transpose
# the `counts` assay data twice to enable the correct recycling
# of the size factor vector
airway |>
  mutate(scaled_counts = t(t(counts) / .cols_asis$sizeFactor))

## # A RangedSummarizedExperiment-tibble Abstraction: 63,677 × 8
##     .features .samples | counts scaled_counts | gene_id gene_name gene_biotype |
##     <chr>     <chr>    |  <int>         <dbl> | <chr>   <chr>     <chr>        |
##   1 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |    679         741.  | ENSG00… TSPAN6    protein_cod… |
##   2 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TNMD      protein_cod… |
##   3 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |    467         510.  | ENSG00… DPM1      protein_cod… |
##   4 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |    260         284.  | ENSG00… SCYL3     protein_cod… |
##   5 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |     60          65.5 | ENSG00… C1orf112  protein_cod… |
##   …     …         …           …            …       …        …           …       
## n-4 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-180… antisense    |
## n-3 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… TSEN34    protein_cod… |
## n-2 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-138… lincRNA      |
## n-1 ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… AP000230… lincRNA      |
## n   ENSG0000… SRR1039… |      0           0   | ENSG00… RP11-80H… lincRNA      |
## # ℹ n = 509,416
## # ℹ 5 more variables: SampleName <fct>, cell <fct>, dex <fct>, albut <fct>,
## #   sizeFactor <dbl>

Advanced features

Object integrity

biocmask provides an opinionated framework for how dplyr verbs should interact with SummarizedExperiment objects. In general, biocmask will not allow any operations that it could not guarantee a valid return object.

It is for this reason that arrange(), filter() and group_by() do not allow operations in the default assay context, as this would likely break the assumed structure of a SummarizedExperiment object.

group_by()

biocmask also supports group_by operations allowing users to query information with dplyr::n() or dplyr::cur_group_id(). However due to the linked structure of a SummarizedExperiment object and biocmask providing multiple evaluation contexts, grouping operations would be complex and return values would be potentionally ambiguous.

It is for this reason that groupings are themselves contextual. The assay context is dependently linked to both the groupings of the rows and cols contexts but, the grouping of rows is ignored when viewed from the cols context and similarly the grouping of cols is ignored when viewed from the rows context. In this way, we have chosen to make the groupings of rows and cols independent between each other. The below figure attempts to show how groupings are conditionally dropped for the scope of an evaluation.

When evaluating in row context, groupings along colData() are temporarily ignored. Figure created with Biorender

To further motivate this choice, suppose we did not drop grouping values. Assume you have a small 5 by 4 SummarizedExperiment object. Both of the rowData() and colData() are grouped such that there are 2 groups in both rowData() and colData() totaling in 4 groups across the assays.

group_by(se_simple, rows(direction), cols(condition)) |>
  mutate(rows(data_from_cols = .cols$condition))

The above syntax implies we wish to move data from the colData() into the rowData(). From a previously established conventions, we would expect the output to be an alias for vctrs::vec_rep(list(condition), times = n()).
Additionally the rows() sentinal will expect that the output of .cols$condition will need to match the size of the evaluation context.

Unfortunately, this becomes extremely difficult to resolve with the current conventions. Without dropping the cols() groupings, each rows() grouping is evaluated equal to the number of groups in cols(). At first glance, this may seem desirable, but the problem arises when considering how theses outputs across groups should be stored per group of rows(). For example, should the output of the .cols$condition return a list equal to the number of groups of the column context? If yes, we would need to consider the size stability of the output context! Assuming that rowData() has at least one group with three elements, there is no guarentee it would fit (this also makes a poor assumption that the elements of rowData() somehow correspond to the groups of colData()). Thus we would be left with wrapping all the results in a list and replicating to the appropriate size. When its all said and done, we would have a list of lists, which is difficult to reason about, potentionally unexpected and painful to work with. For this reason the only groupings present in the rowData() context are the groupings in rowData(), and similarly for the colData() context.

Printing

Motivated by the show/print function in tidySummarizedExperiment, we visualize the data as if it was tabular. Also following the example of tidySummarizedExperiment, biocmask offers the option to turn off this and return to the default show method for SummarizedExperiment:

options("restore_SingleCellExperiment_show" = TRUE)

Since biocmask aims to leave the input data as-is when possible, we have considered providing support for printing S4Vectors within a tibble(). To be clear, biocmask will not allow you to put S4Vectors inside a tibble(), but will allow for S4Vectors to be printed with pillar(), the formatting engine behind tibble() pretty printing.

To enable this behavior, before any data is reported to the user, we proxy any S4Vector with a custom vctrs_vctr object with biocmask::vec_phantom(). In truth, the vec_phantom object is a simple integer vector with a “phantomData” attribute. This allows us to carry along S4Vector through pillar()’s printing pipeline until it is time to print the column.

The pillar_shaft() method for vec_phantom will format the S4 data with biocmask_pillar_format() generic, which by default calls S4Vectors::showAsCell(). Users are free to create their own methods for S4 vectors that differ from S4Vectors::showAsCell() if they like, as seen in ?`biocmask-printing`

renaming rows or columns

Inspired by tidySummarizedExperiment, biocmask provides access to the rownames and colnames of a SummarizedExperiment object by installing .features and .samples into the rowData() and colData() contexts respectively. These are special in that assigning a value to .features in the rowData() context or .samples in the colData() context does not create a new column, but changes the rownames or colnames of the resulting object.

se_simple

## # A SummarizedExperiment-tibble Abstraction: 5 × 4
##     .features .samples | counts logcounts | gene  length direction | sample
##     <chr>     <chr>    |  <int>     <dbl> | <chr>  <int> <chr>     | <chr> 
##   1 row_1     col_1    |     14      2.64 | g1         1 -         | s1    
##   2 row_2     col_1    |     19      2.94 | g2        24 +         | s1    
##   3 row_3     col_1    |     16      2.77 | g3        60 +         | s1    
##   4 row_4     col_1    |     11      2.40 | g4        39 -         | s1    
##   5 row_5     col_1    |     18      2.89 | g5        37 +         | s1    
##   …   …         …             …        …     …         … …            …    
## n-4 row_1     col_4    |      9      2.20 | g1         1 -         | s4    
## n-3 row_2     col_4    |      4      1.39 | g2        24 +         | s4    
## n-2 row_3     col_4    |     20      3.00 | g3        60 +         | s4    
## n-1 row_4     col_4    |      3      1.10 | g4        39 -         | s4    
## n   row_5     col_4    |      5      1.61 | g5        37 +         | s4    
## # ℹ n = 20
## # ℹ 1 more variable: condition <chr>

# moving data to rownames and colnames
se_simple |>
  mutate(
    orig_names = sprintf(
      "%s-%s",
      # .features is installed in the rows() context
      .rows$.features,
      # .samples is installed in the cols() context
      .cols$.samples),
    rows(.features = gene,
         # deleting rowData column
         gene = NULL),
    cols(.samples = sample,
         # deleting colData column
         sample = NULL)
  )

## # A SummarizedExperiment-tibble Abstraction: 5 × 4
##     .features .samples | counts logcounts orig_names  | length direction |
##     <chr>     <chr>    |  <int>     <dbl> <chr>       |  <int> <chr>     |
##   1 g1        s1       |     14      2.64 row_1-col_1 |      1 -         |
##   2 g2        s1       |     19      2.94 row_2-col_1 |     24 +         |
##   3 g3        s1       |     16      2.77 row_3-col_1 |     60 +         |
##   4 g4        s1       |     11      2.40 row_4-col_1 |     39 -         |
##   5 g5        s1       |     18      2.89 row_5-col_1 |     37 +         |
##   …  …         …              …        …       …             … …          
## n-4 g1        s4       |      9      2.20 row_1-col_4 |      1 -         |
## n-3 g2        s4       |      4      1.39 row_2-col_4 |     24 +         |
## n-2 g3        s4       |     20      3.00 row_3-col_4 |     60 +         |
## n-1 g4        s4       |      3      1.10 row_4-col_4 |     39 -         |
## n   g5        s4       |      5      1.61 row_5-col_4 |     37 +         |
## # ℹ n = 20
## # ℹ 1 more variable: condition <chr>

Troubleshooting and best practices

while biocmask takes inspiration from the data masks used in dplyr, they are unfortunately more complex. This means there is some overhead in creating the evaluation mask per dplyr verb. Try to reduce the number of dplyr verb calls and instead increase the content of each verb. For example instead of doing:

.data |>
  mutate(foo = bar) |>
  mutate(baz = foo^2)

do the following

.data |>
  mutate(
    foo = bar,
    baz = foo^2
  )

Community and support

Please feel free to post questions about biocmask to:

• the Bioconductor support site
• as an Issue on GitHub
• in the #tidiness_in_bioc channel on the community-bioc Slack

For code contributions:

• For small fixes, feel free to post a PR on GitHub
• For larger structural changes to the package code, please reach out to the development team first through one of the above channels.

Thanks for your interest in biocmask!

Session info

devtools::session_info()

## ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  setting  value
##  version  R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14)
##  os       Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS
##  system   x86_64, linux-gnu
##  ui       X11
##  language en
##  collate  en_US.UTF-8
##  ctype    en_US.UTF-8
##  tz       UTC
##  date     2024-09-24
##  pandoc   3.2 @ /usr/bin/ (via rmarkdown)
## 
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  package              * version    date (UTC) lib source
##  abind                  1.4-8      2024-09-12 [1] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  airway               * 1.24.0     2024-05-02 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  Biobase              * 2.64.0     2024-04-30 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  BiocGenerics         * 0.50.0     2024-04-30 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  biocmask             * 0.99.12    2024-09-24 [1] Bioconductor
##  bslib                  0.8.0      2024-07-29 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  cachem                 1.1.0      2024-05-16 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  cli                    3.6.3      2024-06-21 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  crayon                 1.5.3      2024-06-20 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  DelayedArray           0.30.1     2024-05-07 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  desc                   1.4.3      2023-12-10 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  devtools               2.4.5      2022-10-11 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  digest                 0.6.37     2024-08-19 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  dplyr                * 1.1.4      2023-11-17 [1] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  ellipsis               0.3.2      2021-04-29 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  evaluate               1.0.0      2024-09-17 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  fansi                  1.0.6      2023-12-08 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  fastmap                1.2.0      2024-05-15 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  fs                     1.6.4      2024-04-25 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  generics               0.1.3      2022-07-05 [1] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  GenomeInfoDb         * 1.40.1     2024-05-24 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  GenomeInfoDbData       1.2.12     2024-06-25 [1] Bioconductor
##  GenomicRanges        * 1.56.1     2024-06-12 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  glue                   1.7.0      2024-01-09 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  highr                  0.11       2024-05-26 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  htmltools              0.5.8.1    2024-04-04 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  htmlwidgets            1.6.4      2023-12-06 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  httpuv                 1.6.15     2024-03-26 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  httr                   1.4.7      2023-08-15 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  IRanges              * 2.38.1     2024-07-03 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  jquerylib              0.1.4      2021-04-26 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  jsonlite               1.8.9      2024-09-20 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  knitr                  1.48       2024-07-07 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  later                  1.3.2      2023-12-06 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  lattice                0.22-6     2024-03-20 [3] CRAN (R 4.4.1)
##  lifecycle              1.0.4      2023-11-07 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  magrittr               2.0.3      2022-03-30 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  Matrix                 1.7-0      2024-04-26 [3] CRAN (R 4.4.1)
##  MatrixGenerics       * 1.16.0     2024-04-30 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  matrixStats          * 1.4.1      2024-09-08 [1] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  memoise                2.0.1      2021-11-26 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  mime                   0.12       2021-09-28 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  miniUI                 0.1.1.1    2018-05-18 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  pillar                 1.9.0      2023-03-22 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  pkgbuild               1.4.4      2024-03-17 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  pkgconfig              2.0.3      2019-09-22 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  pkgdown                2.1.1      2024-09-17 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  pkgload                1.4.0      2024-06-28 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  profvis                0.4.0      2024-09-20 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  promises               1.3.0      2024-04-05 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  purrr                  1.0.2      2023-08-10 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  R6                     2.5.1      2021-08-19 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  ragg                   1.3.3      2024-09-11 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  Rcpp                   1.0.13     2024-07-17 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  remotes                2.5.0.9000 2024-09-11 [1] Github (r-lib/remotes@5b7eb08)
##  rlang                  1.1.4      2024-06-04 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  rmarkdown              2.28       2024-08-17 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  S4Arrays               1.4.1      2024-05-20 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  S4Vectors            * 0.42.1     2024-07-03 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  S7                     0.1.1      2023-09-17 [1] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  sass                   0.4.9      2024-03-15 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  sessioninfo            1.2.2      2021-12-06 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  shiny                  1.9.1      2024-08-01 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  SparseArray            1.4.8      2024-05-24 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  SummarizedExperiment * 1.34.0     2024-05-01 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  systemfonts            1.1.0      2024-05-15 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  textshaping            0.4.0      2024-05-24 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  tibble               * 3.2.1      2023-03-20 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  tidyr                  1.3.1      2024-01-24 [1] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  tidyselect             1.2.1      2024-03-11 [1] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  UCSC.utils             1.0.0      2024-04-30 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  urlchecker             1.0.1      2021-11-30 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  usethis                3.0.0      2024-07-29 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  utf8                   1.2.4      2023-10-22 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  vctrs                  0.6.5      2023-12-01 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  withr                  3.0.1      2024-07-31 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  xfun                   0.47       2024-08-17 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  xtable                 1.8-4      2019-04-21 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  XVector                0.44.0     2024-04-30 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
##  yaml                   2.3.10     2024-07-26 [2] RSPM (R 4.4.0)
##  zlibbioc               1.50.0     2024-04-30 [1] Bioconductor 3.19 (R 4.4.1)
## 
##  [1] /__w/_temp/Library
##  [2] /usr/local/lib/R/site-library
##  [3] /usr/local/lib/R/library
## 
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

References